Gout is primarily caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is a waste product produced during the breakdown of purines, substances found in certain foods and drinks like red meat, shellfish, alcohol, and sugary beverages. When the body either produces too much uric acid or cannot eliminate it properly, the excess uric acid forms crystals in the joints, leading to gout. Certain factors like obesity, a diet high in purines, kidney disease, genetics, and medications can also increase the risk of gout.

Gout is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A doctor may conduct a blood test to measure uric acid levels, though not all individuals with high uric acid will develop gout. The definitive diagnosis is often made by analyzing a sample of fluid from the affected joint under a microscope to identify uric acid crystals.

The primary symptom of gout is sudden, severe pain in a joint, often starting at night. The joint may become swollen, red, and warm to the touch. The big toe is the most commonly affected joint, but gout can also affect the knees, ankles, wrists, and elbows. Gout attacks can last for several days to weeks, and individuals may experience recurrent flare-ups over time.

Gout is treated with medications to reduce pain and inflammation, and to lower uric acid levels in the blood. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and corticosteroids are commonly used to treat acute attacks. Long-term treatment typically involves medications like allopurinol or febuxostat to reduce uric acid production or probenecid to increase uric acid excretion. In addition, lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding alcohol, and reducing intake of purine-rich foods can help manage the condition.

There is currently no cure for gout, but it is a manageable condition. With appropriate treatment, including medication and lifestyle changes, gout flare-ups can be controlled, and individuals can live without significant pain or limitations. Long-term management focuses on maintaining normal uric acid levels in the blood to prevent recurrent attacks.

Yes, diet plays a significant role in managing gout. Foods high in purines, such as red meat, organ meats, shellfish, and alcohol (particularly beer), can trigger gout attacks by raising uric acid levels. A diet that includes low-fat dairy products, complex carbohydrates, and plenty of fruits and vegetables can help reduce the risk of flare-ups. Drinking plenty of water and limiting alcohol intake can also help manage uric acid levels.

Yes, genetics can play a role in the development of gout. If you have a family history of the condition, you may be at an increased risk of developing gout yourself. Inherited factors can influence how your body produces and eliminates uric acid, making it more likely to accumulate and form crystals in the joints.